Smoking is a major risk factor for common chronic diseases ( Tonnesen et al., 2019), especially those closely related to the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases. There is still no effective treatment for COVID-19.Īt this stage, the clinical characteristics of patients with the new coronavirus are still being explored in-depth moreover, epidemiological data show higher morbidity and mortality rates from COVID-19 among the older adults and those with lower immunity and prior illnesses (cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and especially respiratory diseases) ( Du et al., 2020 Salako et al., 2020). The United States (with approximately 28.67 million cases) and India with (approximately 10.99 million cases) are reportedly the most severely affected countries. As of Febru(Beijing time), the latest report of the World Health Organization (WHO) showed that the number of confirmed cases of new COVID-19 worldwide was more than 111.69 million people (111,696,136), with an estimated 2.46 million deaths. The number of patients affected, the seriousness of the disease, and the high mortality rate are unprecedented. However, the binding affinity of the spiked envelope of SARS-CoV-2 to human ACE2 is approximately 10–20 times that of SARS-CoV, with an extremely high rate of human-to-human infection and rate ( Wrapp et al., 2020 Yu et al., 2020).įrom December 2019, it took only a few months for the new coronavirus, which causes pneumonia, to spread from sporadic regional outbreaks to countries to worldwide. The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 79.5% similar to SARS-CoV, and the receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter the human body is the same as that used by SARS-CoV, namely, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) ( Lu et al., 2020). The virus was named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and it belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus (β-COV) ( Graham et al., 2013 Song et al., 2019). This review analyzes the existing research on smoking’s impact on COVID-19 so that governments and medical institutions can develop evidence-based smoking-related prevention and control measures for COVID-19.Ĭoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection from a new type of coronavirus. Therefore, it is recommended that governments increase smoking cessation messaging as part of public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, there is evidence that isolation at home has contributed to increased smoking behavior and increased quantities.
Despite the COVID-19 epidemic, the findings suggested that COVID-19 has not encouraged smokers to quit. Furthermore, smokers gathering and sharing tobacco may promote the spread of viruses.
Although nicotine has certain anti-inflammatory effects, there is no evidence that it is related to COVID-19 treatment therefore, smoking cannot be considered a preventative measure. Nicotine upregulates the expression of ACE2, which can also increase susceptibility to COVID-19, aggravatiing the disease. Smoking can increase the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and aggravate the condition of patients with COVID-19. Thus, it is difficult to assess the relationship between smoking and COVID-19. Although relevant studies show that the smoking rate of COVID-19 patients is relatively low, the current smoking status of people with COVID-19 cannot be accurately measured for reasons. The current COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe morbidity and mortality worldwide.
2Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.1School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.Jianghua Xie 1 Rui Zhong 2 Wei Wang 2 Ouying Chen 1 Yanhui Zou 2*
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